![]() ![]() ![]() The hypothalamus and other inner brain areas are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the fornix. The corpus callosum, a large bundle of nerve fibers, connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing neural communication between the two. They may also be responsible for short-term memory. Sensory input like sounds and smells are processed by the temporal lobes. Visual information like shape and color recognition are processed by the occipital lobes. The parietal lobes process primary sensations like touch, pressure, and pain. Focused here are organizational skills, problem solving, and higher cognitive functions like behavior and emotions. The personality center of the brain is found in the frontal lobe. It is divided into two sides called hemispheres. The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain. This article breaks down the brain into cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The brain is comprised of many individual parts that have their own unique responsibilities. ![]() The brain is in charge of movement, memory preservation, and involuntary functions in the body. federal funds from the National Institutes of Health.The brain is the control center of the nervous system, and consequently, the human body. Understanding what fuels neuro-inflammation is the first step to successfully modulating it,” says Nahrendorf. “Our work may also be helpful for studying situations when the immune response is harmful, such as when skull bone marrow–derived immune cells damage the brain and surrounding nerves. A better understanding of these processes may lead to new strategies to treat meningitis. This causes cells in the bone marrow to produce more immune cells to combat the invasion. Pulous, also found that bacteria that cause meningitis (inflammation in the meninges) travel through the channels and enter the skull’s bone marrow. Nahrendorf and his colleagues, including lead author and MGH research fellow Fadi E. “This likely has huge implications for conditions like dementia and Alzheimer’s disease because these diseases have an inflammatory component.” Cells in the skull’s bone marrow are surveilling the cerebrospinal fluid that exits the brain through the skull channels we discovered earlier,” says Nahrendorf. “Now we know that the brain can signal to this hub of immunity - in other words, cry for help in case things go wrong, such as during infection and inflammation. Moskowitz, a physician investigator at MGH who was awarded the 2021 Lundbeck Brain Prize. Lin, leader of the Advanced Microscopy Group at the Center for Systems Biology at MGH, and Michael A. The team was headed by Nahrendorf, Charles P. In this latest work, the team demonstrated that in addition to allowing immune cells to flow from the skull’s bone marrow to the meninges, the skull channels also allow the cerebrospinal fluid to flow in the opposite direction, out of the brain and into the skull’s bone marrow. Before then, it was thought that bone marrow throughout the body reacts to an injury or infection at any location, but the discovery indicated that skull bone marrow has a special role due to its proximity to the brain and its connection to the meninges through channels. In 2018, a group headed by Matthias Nahrendorf, an investigator in MGH’s Center for Systems Biology and a professor of radiology at Harvard Medical School, found that immune cells responding to brain infection and injury come from bone marrow in the skull, and they pass through hundreds of tiny, previously unknown channels connecting the skull’s bone marrow to the outer layers of membranes that cover the brain (called meninges). The discovery, which is published in Nature Neuroscience, is important because immune cells produced in the spongy tissue of the skull’s bone marrow can screen the cerebrospinal fluid for signs of infection and other threats to the brain. Investigators led by a team at Massachusetts General Hospital previously discovered tiny channels in the skull have now found that cerebrospinal fluid (also known as “brain water”) can exit the brain into the skull’s bone marrow through these channels. ![]()
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